The trial judges, who note that a

Practical application:

Under the apparent mandate doctrine confirmed by this decision, Jean's words and the presence of their son gave the buyer a legitimate belief that Jean had authority. Marie could be bound by the sale. When dealing with co-owned property, always insist on written authorisation from all owners before proceeding. If you are a buyer, do not rely solely on verbal assurances—request a formal power of attorney or direct confirmation from the absent owner.

Practical application:

The Court of Cassation's ruling means Philippe's statements and actions could bind his siblings if the tenant reasonably believed he was authorised. Co-owners must be vigilant: if one owner acts like a manager, third parties may enforce agreements. To protect yourself, always verify the legal ownership structure and obtain written consent from every co-owner before entering into any rental or sale agreement.

Practical application:

Following this case law, the tenant could argue that the manager had apparent authority because of his role and prior dealings. To avoid being bound by unauthorised acts, landlords must clearly define and communicate the limits of any agent's authority in writing. Tenants should demand a signed mandate or direct landlord confirmation before relying on an agent's commitments.